What is Mentoring?
Mentoring is a professional relationship between two individuals, the mentor and the mentee, in which the mentor (usually a more experienced person) supports and encourages the personal and professional growth of the mentee (usually a less experienced person).
Research shows that mentoring can be an effective strategy for developing both cognitive and non-cognitive skills in youth. Mentoring differs from job coaching (focused on helping the mentee develop job-related skills) and from career coaching (structured to assist the mentee make good career choices), but can encompass elements of both.
Mentoring activities are interactions between the mentor and the mentee, occurring regularly, usually on a weekly or bi-weekly basis over a prolonged period (several months or even years), during which the mentor and the mentee engage in discussion, reflection and practice of specific skills. Mentoring is an essential component of successful youth workforce development programs, complementing in-classroom or on-the- job skill training.
Characteristics of a Good Mentor
- Able to commit adequate time, energy and attention to the mentee consistently over time.
- Enjoys helping others.
- Has patience and empathy for others.
- Has good interpersonal skills.
- Emulates well the values of the organization.
- Performs well in his/her job, enjoys respect.
- Is trusted and maintains good working relationships with others in the organization.
- Willing to share his/her knowledge and experiences, while being able to appreciate differing beliefs, opinions, behavioral styles and habits.
Appreciative Inquiry is an effective mentoring approach that seeks to identify and enhance the best in people and organizations. Instead of criticizing and telling the mentee how they should behave and what decisions they should make, the mentor asks leading questions, offers relevant stories, and concentrates on what the mentee does well. It is a non-authoritarian practice, in which the mentor encourages the mentee to self-discover, and practice new behaviors while he/she reinforces positive attitudes and habits in the mentor.
Types of Mentoring:
Formal mentoring programs are structured, sponsored and facilitated within organizations (schools, private sector firms, non-profits, etc.), and usually have guidelines for starting, conducting and ending mentoring relationships.

Informal mentoring occurs spontaneously, with the mentor
and mentee deciding on all aspects of their interaction.
One-on-one mentoring is the traditional approach with one mentor working with one mentee.

Group mentoring occurs when one adult works with a group of mentees.
Peer mentoring engages older youth as a mentor to a younger youth as mentee.

Reverse mentoring fosters relationships in which young people act as mentors to their more experienced colleagues.
Online or e-mentoring happens over the internet, via Skype, email, chat, and other technology-enabled audio, video or written communication channels. It usually complements inperson mentoring.

Face-to-face mentoring is conducted in person.

Based on where mentoring activities take place, mentoring can be school-based, workplace-based, community-based, or faith-based.
Benefits of Mentoring

For the mentee:
- Provides support, encouragement and guidance of a trusted role model, leading to increased self-esteem and reduced risk of delinquent behavior.
- Offers help, insight and reassurance in learning about, navigating and adjusting to the world of work, thus leading to better retention in school, work-based learning and employment.
- Accelerates development of both technical (job related) and behavioral (soft) skills, resulting in improved job performance, higher earnings, faster promotions and greater job and career satisfaction.
- Brings increased social capital, i.e., connections to hiring managers, potential funding sources or school admission officers,leading to higher probability of continuing education, employment, entrepreneurial or career success.

For the educator:
- Supports positive academic outcomes, such as better attendance, lower dropout rates and better probability of continuing education.
- Promotes socio-emotional development of students, and builds their self-esteem, resilience and social skills, resulting in reduced risk of delinquent behaviors and substance abuse.
- Provides positive role models from the relevant industries and helps students to connect school to work, leading to improved employability and smoother transition from classroom to workplace.
- Brings project-based learning and thus develops entrepreneurial
skills and mindset.

For the mentor:
- Provides opportunity to share knowledge and experience, and thus contribute to mentee’s personal and professional growth, leading to greater sense of accomplishment, meaning, and job satisfaction.
- Expands personal and professional network within their organization and community, resulting in enhanced visibility, reputation and recognition.
- Improves technical, managerial and interpersonal skills in counseling, listening, modeling and leading others, and ultimately increases the probability of career advancement and success.
- Brings additional opportunities to interact with diverse groups, test new ideas and gain new perspectives from young people, thus gaining deeper awareness of cultural, business and social issues.

For the employer:
- Provides cost-effective talent development and shortens the time to full productivity for newly hired employees.
- Ensures better informed and motivated staff, even in entry level positions, leading to higher productivity, service quality and customer satisfaction.
- Increases the job satisfaction of both mentors and mentees, resulting in reduced employee turnover, higher staff morale, and engagement.
- Promotes diversity in the organization and strengthens
community impact.
BEST PRACTICES

For planning and implementing a mentoring program:
- Formal, well-structured and consistently supported programs are more successful.
- After conducting needs and capacity assessment, the program should establish its purpose, objectives, budget and staff.
- Identifying an executive sponsor, a committed program manager, and/or a partner is essential.
- Engaging a trusted partner organization with proven experience and expertise in running similar programs can accelerate successful implementation.
- The implementation plan must define program goals, expected outcomes and performance indicators, roles and responsibilities, financial and human resources, systems and processes, and the implementation timeline.

For mentor and mentee recruitment and selection:
- Have a clearly defined written eligibility criteria and process for identifying both mentors and mentees.
- Have a thorough screening plan for mentors, including face-to-face interview and reference checks.
- Commitment letters (mentoring agreements) signed by both mentors and mentees.

Mentor and mentee training:
- Mentors and mentees are clear on program’s purpose, goals, expectations, protocols and boundaries. Potential challenges and options for resolving them are discussed.
- Mentors are trained on mentoring principles, techniques, activities and all other relevant issues.
- Mentors and mentees are provided with additional resources, contacts and ongoing support.

For matching mentors and mentees:
- Matching algorithm considers various characteristics of the mentor and mentee, such as interests, cognitive style, proximity, age, gender, race, ethnicity, personality, and expressed priorities from both parties.
- Mentee is never paired with his/her direct supervisor.
- Mentors and mentees know how to opt out of a non-functional relationship.

For managing a mentoring program:
- Mentors and mentees are supported by program staff and/or the partner organization.
- Mentoring relationships are supervised for compliance to program standards, while the confidentiality of mentor-mentee communication is preserved.
- To continuously improve the program, feedback is regularly gathered from mentors, mentees, teachers or department supervisors, parents and other relevant stakeholders.
- Good mentors are valued and recognized in their organization and/or community.

For evaluating a mentoring program:
- To evaluate program results and impact against set objectives, each mentoring relationship is monitored, assessed and documented. Program’s cost-benefit is calculated.
- Performance statistics (quantitative and qualitative) are frequently communicated to all stakeholders.
- When possible, a formal program evaluation by an external evaluator is conducted.
Examples of Mentoring Programs
iMentor
is a secondary school-based mentoring program in the United States that brings together low income students with college-educated mentors, with the goal of improving the probability of graduation from high school and college for disadvantaged youth. Among iMentor students, 79% graduate from high school, 65% enroll in college and 59% complete tertiary education. (Note: typically only 26% of low income youth graduate from college in the US.)
SAYes
was founded in 2008 to improve the outcomes for young people transitioning out of care (children’s homes) in South Africa. The program matches youth (aged 14-25) with trained mentors to deliver transition skills content and link mentored youth to economic opportunities.
The USA National Mentoring Alliance is a collaboration of more than 70 YouthBuild programs in the United States, targeting young people who have dropped out of school. The program starts with three months of group mentoring, followed by 12 months of one-on-one mentoring, coupled with heavy job skills training. An evaluation of this program, focused on 16 to 18 year old participants, showed that students who were matched with a mentor were 60% more likely to complete the program.
Established in 1999, INJAZ connects university and college students with veteran entrepreneurs and mentors, including volunteers from the private sector who support young people in establishing and growing social and business enterprises. INJAZ has developed a market relevant curriculum that advances students’ communication and interpersonal skills, critical and creative thinking, financial literacy and teamwork. INJAZ has engaged more than 30,000 corporate volunteers and served over 1.2 million youth.
Operating for over 100 years, Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) is the largest volunteer-supported mentoring network in the United States, serving children ages 6-8 through community-based programs. Two independent impact evaluation studies of this highly respected program found that it reduced substance abuse and violence, and improved school attendance and performance, as well as relationships with parents and peers.